Massive is a decentralized ZK verification network service designed to drive mass adoption of Web3. It aims to address and solve critical challenges faced by the industry today.
Key Features of Massive
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Mass Adoption
The Web3 industry is actively exploring ways to attract more traditional users and resources. Massive leverages mobile devices, the most familiar tool for users, and integrates a Verify-to-Earn incentive mechanism with a simple user experience to encourage participation. This approach helps onboard new users into the Web3 ecosystem, injecting fresh engagement and accelerating adoption.
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High Efficiency & Low Cost
Most ZK-based Rollup solutions delay state confirmation on L1 due to cost and security concerns. They achieve this through proof aggregation and verification delay mechanisms. Massive solves this by ensuring that L2 states can be immediately verified in a decentralized POS network right after proof generation, significantly reducing state transition confirmation time and synchronizing the finalized state to L1.
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Capital Efficiency
POS network nodes can join through staking and re-staking mechanisms. By integrating EigenLayer’s approach, the POS consensus network achieves Ethereum-level security. Massive supports various token staking and re-staking options, offering flexible staking models tailored to different ecosystems.
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Modular Architecture
Massive advances modular blockchain architecture by breaking it down into four distinct components:
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ZK Rollup (off-chain computation)
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DA (Data Availability) (off-chain transaction storage)
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ZK Verification-as-a-Service (ZKVaaS) (off-chain verification)
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L1 (state updates)
Keywords
Zero-Knowledge, Mobile Phone, Staking, Re-staking, Modularity, POS
Introduction
The biggest challenge in blockchain today is how to attract more traditional users into the industry. While the approval of BTC spot ETFs in January was a historic milestone, enabling traditional investors to legally trade BTC, it is not enough to meet the industry’s urgent need for new users. Simply opening investment channels only brings in investors—true mass adoption requires a different approach.
Some believe gaming is the key, others think social networks or AI will drive adoption. Regardless of the method, it’s clear that the industry is working toward mass adoption.
Examples of Successful User Onboarding
1. Starkware’s STRK Airdrop
Starkware airdropped tokens to GitHub contributors, onboarding non-blockchain developers into the space. Many of them had no prior knowledge of blockchain, but the airdrop introduced them to the ecosystem, and some chose to engage further.
2. StepN (Move-to-Earn)
StepN gained mass adoption during the last bull market with its simple concept:
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Buy a virtual sneaker
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Run to earn rewards
This easy-to-understand model attracted a massive wave of users, leading to viral growth.
What Makes a Web3 Project Attractive to New Users?
To onboard mainstream users, a Web3 project should meet the following criteria:
✅ Simple & Intuitive UX – Easy to use with minimal learning curve
✅ Low Hardware Requirements – Accessible on common devices
✅ Strong Incentive Mechanism – Sustainable rewards structure
Both Starkware and StepN met these criteria:
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Starkware: Used GitHub (a familiar platform for developers)
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StepN: Used mobile phones (a familiar device for everyone)
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Both had incentives: Contribute-to-Earn & Run-to-Earn
However, sustainability is key.
For long-term success, a Web3 project must offer sustainable incentives and real utility.
Massive: A Sustainable Onboarding Solution for Web3
Massive is designed to onboard new users sustainably, driving mass adoption across the industry. It serves as an infrastructure layer that:
✅ Supports all ZK chains – ZK Layer1, ZK Layer2, ZK Layer3
✅ Brings new users into the ecosystem
✅ Enhances system security
✅ Reduces operational costs
✅ Improves capital efficiency
Technical Architecture
Massive is a POS consensus network composed of mobile nodes.
System Architecture Overview
(Diagram omitted, but assumed to include the ZK Rollup, DA, ZKVaaS, and L1 structure as described earlier.)
Massive is pioneering a mobile-driven, decentralized Web3 ecosystem, making ZK-based verification networks more scalable, efficient, and accessible.
How to Become a Node in the Massive Network
Users can become a node in the Massive network through two different approaches:
1. For New Users Without Any Crypto Assets
2. For Users Who Already Hold Crypto Assets
Staking Assets Based on L1 Chain Type
Depending on the underlying L1 chain, users can stake different assets:
Integrated ZK Verification in Wallet
Massive’s wallet will integrate multiple mainstream ZK verification programs, including:
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Plonky2, Plonky3, Boojium (all based on the STARK framework).
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In future updates, Massive will add support for SNARK-based algorithms like Halo2 and Nova, depending on market demand.
POS Network for Enhanced Security
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Once staking is complete, mobile nodes will form a POS network to provide timely security for L2 & L3 chains.
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If too many users participate, the system will implement sharding to create multiple independent POS networks, ensuring scalability.
Ensuring Fast & Secure Confirmations
Massive is not just about attracting users—it also solves key industry challenges, including:
Before diving into Massive’s solution, let’s first look at the main ZK-based L2 solutions available today (as shown in the diagram below).
It is evident that in most L2 designs, proofs must be aggregated on L2 before being sent to Ethereum (L1) for verification. This approach helps reduce costs.
Even under this cost-saving model, the aggregated proof sent to L1 must wait for a certain period before it can trigger the Verify contract to update the global state. This delay is primarily for security reasons, and while it is configurable, it remains a necessary trade-off.
Finality Time in L2 Transactions
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A transaction on an L2 network typically requires 2 to 23 hours to achieve final confirmation.
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During this period, the validity of the proof is only verified by a centralized sequencer.
The diagram below (not included) illustrates the current process of proof generation and validation after being produced.
The core design principle of Massive is to ensure that proofs undergo decentralized network validation before being verified on L1. This validation process is designed to be fast and efficient.
Enhancing Security with a Decentralized POS Network
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If the POS network used for proof validation is powered by Eigenlayer’s AVS (Actively Validated Services), it will inherit Ethereum-level security.
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As a result, only the final world state update needs to be submitted to Ethereum, significantly improving efficiency.
Modular Design for Future Evolution
This approach also provides a foundation for future modular blockchain development, allowing for greater scalability and interoperability.
New L2 Workflow with Massive Integration
After integrating Massive, the workflow of L2s can be optimized into the following improved structure (illustrated in the diagram below).
If the ZK verify function is extracted from L1, the security of the Massive network will be critical. Additionally, a challenge mechanism can be implemented to reduce the likelihood of malicious behavior within the Massive network. Ultimately, the security of the entire system will depend on the integrity of the Massive network.
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If the ZK L2 ecosystem is more finance-oriented, Massive can leverage Eigenlayer’s AVS to ensure that the cost of malicious behavior is sufficiently high.
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However, if the ZK L2 ecosystem is more game or social-oriented, a basic version of Massive will suffice.
Improving Capital Efficiency
Staking and Re-staking are popular concepts that emphasize capital efficiency. By reinvesting staked assets, achieving compound returns becomes an enticing economic strategy. Currently, projects like Blast and Manta focus on similar mechanisms.
Compared to these models, Massive offers a new destination for native and staked assets across various networks. Through staking and re-staking, users can become nodes within the Massive network.
Since Massive can provide more users, lower costs, and better security for ZK L2s/L3s, the nodes in the Massive network will share in the rewards generated from maintaining this network, essentially implementing a “verify to earn” model.
Depending on the actual situation of ZK L2s/L3s, different security levels of ZKVaaS can be chosen. The security level will depend on the total staked amount and the number of nodes within the network.
New Modular Design
As mentioned earlier, Massive further changes the trajectory of blockchain modular design. Before Massive, the modular design mainly involved:
In this model, L1 only handled verification, storage, and consensus.
With Massive‘s introduction, the modular design evolves to:
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Execution modularity
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DA modularity
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Verification modularity
Thus, L1 would only be responsible for storage and consensus. This is a reasonable shift because verification itself is a computational function. Since execution modularity has already moved computation off-chain, only storage and consensus should remain on-chain.
The specific structure is illustrated in the diagram below
If verification (Verify) is kept on L1, the consensus process on L1 would involve each node executing the verification of proofs and updating the state. However, if verification is separated and handled by a distinct network for consensus, the L1 consensus process would only focus on storage updates.
Latest Modular Design
In the new modular design, existing L1 nodes will no longer be responsible for any computational work. They will only handle world state update transactions and execute the consensus process. There are two main reasons for this:
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Cost and Security Considerations: As mentioned earlier, the execution of verification on L1 is often delayed, so by separating verification and using the Massive network to handle it, we can achieve faster verification while also reducing the hardware requirements for verification nodes, making it easier for users to participate.
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Security through Staking: The security of the standalone Massive network is ensured by the staked amount and the number of nodes. While this may result in some security trade-offs compared to previous solutions (related to the value of staked assets), the architectural and scenario advantages provided by this approach are substantial.
Massive Ecosystem
With its core features of mobile phone mining, staking/re-staking, and timely security, Massive has the potential to become the largest network, providing secure, efficient, and low-cost services for various ZK L2s/L3s. At the same time, due to its extremely low entry barriers and profit-generating effects, it will inject a large number of real users into the industry.
Massive’s Vision
Massive’s vision is to help the industry achieve massive adoption, and mobile mining is a highly significant practice in this exploration. By leveraging simple operations, low entry barriers, and continuous earnings, it aims to utilize the computational power of mobile phones. According to statistics, global mobile phone sales exceeded 1 billion units in 2023. Both Solana and Aptos have also released their own Web3 phones. Through the Massive network, these phones will be put to use.
References:
Eigenlayer whitepaper: https://docs.eigenlayer.xyz/assets/files/EigenLayer_WhitePaper-88c47923ca0319870c611decd6e562ad.pdf
Scroll explorer: https://scrollscan.com/batch/86321
Polygon explorer: https://zkevm.polygonscan.com/batches
Zksync contract: https://etherscan.io/address/0xa0425d71cB1D6fb80E65a5361a04096E0672De03#readContract
Starkware explorer: https://voyager.online/block/572773
Halo2: https://github.com/zcash/halo2
Nova: https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/370
Celestia: https://docs.celestia.org/learn/how-celestia-works/overview
